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Sensors are the components that allow robots and embodied AI systems to perceive the world and understand their own physical state. They provide the raw information needed for: Without sensors, a robot would have no awareness of its surroundings or its own body. In physical…

Actuators are the components that create movement in robots and embodied AI systems. They function like artificial muscles, converting stored energy into mechanical motion that allows robots to: Without actuators, a robot could sense the world but would have no ability to physically respond to…

Degrees of freedom (DoF) describe how many independent movements a robot or robotic joint can perform. In robotics and physical AI, degrees of freedom determine how flexible, dexterous, and adaptable a system can be when interacting with the real world. A simple hinge joint has…

Robotic bodies are the physical structures that give embodied AI systems their ability to move, sense, interact with the world, and perform real physical tasks. These bodies include: In physical AI, the body is not just a container for software. The design of the body…

Morphological computation is the idea that a robot’s body shape, materials, and physical structure can help perform computation and simplify intelligent behavior. Instead of forcing a central controller or AI system to calculate every tiny movement manually, part of the “computation” happens naturally through the…